ALGEBRA

a) Functions: Types of functions – Definitions - Inverse functions and Theorems - Domain, Range, Inverse of

real valued functions.

b) Mathematical Induction: Principle of Mathematical Induction & Theorems - Applications of

Mathematical Induction - Problems on divisibility.

c) Matrices: Types of matrices - Scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices - Transpose of

a matrix - Determinants - Adjoint and Inverse of a matrix - Consistency and inconsistency of Equations-

Rank of a matrix - Solution of simultaneous linear equations.

d) Complex Numbers: Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers- fundamental operations -

Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib - Modulus and amplitude of complex numbers –

Illustrations - Geometrical and Polar Representation of complex numbers in Argand plane- Argand diagram.

Multi-conceptual Problem on the above concepts

e) De Moivre’s Theorem: De Moivre’s theorem- Integral and Rational indices - nth roots of unity-

Geometrical Interpretations – Illustrations.

f) Quadratic Expressions: Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable - Sign of quadratic expressions –

Change in signs – Maximum and minimum values - Quadratic inequations.

g) Theory of Equations: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation - Solving the equations

when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation - Equation with real coefficients, occurrence of

complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences - Transformation of equations - Reciprocal Equations.

h) Permutations and Combinations: Fundamental Principle of counting – linear and circular permutations-

Permutations of ‘n’ dissimilar things taken ‘r’ at a time - Permutations when repetitions allowed - Circular

permutations - Permutations with constraint repetitions - Combinations-definitions, certain theorems and their

applications.

i) Binomial Theorem: Binomial theorem for positive integral index - Binomial theorem for rational Index

(without proof) - Approximations using Binomial theorem.

j) Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non –repeated linear factors - Partial

fractions of f(x)/g(x) where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and when g(x) contains repeated and/or nonrepeated

linear factors - Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains irreducible factors.

TRIGONOMETRY

a) Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations: Graphs and Periodicity of Trigonometric functions -

Trigonometric ratios and Compound angles - Trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub- multiple angles -

Transformations - Sum and Product rules.

b) Trigonometric Equations: General Solution of Trigonometric Equations - Simple Trigonometric Equations

– Solutions.

c) Inverse Trigonometric Functions: To reduce a Trigonometric Function into a bijection - Graphs of Inverse

Trigonometric Functions - Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d) Hyperbolic Functions: Definition of Hyperbolic Function – Graphs - Definition of Inverse Hyperbolic

Functions – Graphs - Addition formulae of Hyperbolic Functions.

e) Properties of Triangles: Relation between sides and angles of a Triangle - Sine, Cosine, Tangent and

Projection rules - Half angle formulae and areas of a triangle – Incircle and Excircle of a Triangle.

VECTOR ALGEBRA

a) Addition of Vectors : Vectors as a triad of real numbers - Classification of vectors - Addition of vectors -

Scalar multiplication - Angle between two non zero vectors - Linear combination of vectors - Component of a

vector in three dimensions - Vector equations of line and plane including their Cartesian equivalent forms.

b) Product of Vectors : Scalar Product - Geometrical Interpretations - orthogonal projections - Properties of

dot product - Expression of dot product in i, j, k system - Angle between two vectors - Geometrical Vector

methods - Vector equations of plane in normal form - Angle between two planes - Vector product of two

vectors and properties

- Vector product in i, j, k system - Vector Areas - Scalar Triple Product - Vector equations of plane

in different forms, skew lines, shortest distance and their Cartesian equivalents. Plane through the

line of intersection of two planes, condition for coplanarity of two lines, perpendicular distance of a

point from a plane, angle between line and a plane. Cartesian equivalents of all these results - Vector

Triple Product – Results.

MEASURES OF DISPERSION AND PROBABILITY

a) Measures of Dispersion - Range - Mean deviation - Variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped

data - Coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distribution with equal means but different variances.

For Ungrouped Data- For Grouped Data

b) Probability : Random experiments and events - Classical definition of probability, Axiomatic approach and

addition theorem of probability - Independent and dependent events - conditional probability- multiplication

theorem and Baye’s theorem.

c) Random Variables and Probability Distributions: Random Variables - Theoretical discrete distributions –

Binomial and Poisson Distributions.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY

a) Locus: Definition of locus – Illustrations - To find equations of locus - Problems connected to it.

b) Transformation of Axes: Transformation of axes - Rules, Derivations and Illustrations - Rotation of axes -

Derivations – Illustrations.

c) The Straight Line: Revision of fundamental results - Straight line - Normal form – Illustrations - Straight

line - Symmetric form - Straight line - Reduction into various forms - Intersection of two Straight Lines -

Family of straight lines - Concurrent lines - Condition for Concurrent lines - Angle between two lines -

Length of perpendicular from a point to a Line - Distance between two parallel lines - Concurrent lines -

properties related to a triangle.

d) Pair of Straight lines: Equations of pair of lines passing through origin - angle between a pair of lines -

Condition for perpendicular and coincident lines, bisectors of angles - Pair of bisectors of angles - Pair of

lines - second degree general equation - Conditions for parallel lines - distance between them, Point of

intersection of pair of lines - Homogenizing a second degree equation with a first degree equation in x and y.

e) Circle : Equation of circle -standard form-centre and radius equation of a circle with a given line segment

as diameter & equation of circle through three non collinear points - parametric equations of a circle -

Position of a point in the plane of a circle – power of a point-definition of tangent-length of tangent - Position

of a straight line in the plane of a circle-conditions for a line to be tangent – chord joining two points on a

circle – equation of the tangent at a point on the circle- point of contact-equation of normal - Chord of contact

- pole and polar-conjugate points and conjugate lines - equation of chord in term of its midpoint - Relative

position of two circles- circles touching each other externally, internally- common tangents –centers of

similitude- equation of pair of tangents from an external point.

f) System of circles: Angle between two intersecting circles - Radical axis of two circles- properties-

Common chord and common tangent of two circles – radical centre - Intersection of a line and a Circle.

g) Parabola: Conic sections –Parabola- equation of parabola in standard form-different forms of parabolaparametric

equations - Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola ( Cartesian and parametric)

- conditions for straight line to be a tangent.

h) Ellipse: Equation of ellipse in standard form- Parametric equations - Equation of tangent and normal at a

point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric) - condition for a straight line to be a tangent.

i) Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola in standard form- Parametric equations - Equations of tangent and

normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric) - conditions for a straight line to be a tangent-

Asymptotes.

j) Three Dimensional Coordinates: Coordinates - Section formulae - Centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron.

k) Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios: Direction Cosines - Direction Ratios.

l) Plane: Cartesian equation of Plane - Simple Illustrations.

CALCULUS

a) Limits and Continuity: Intervals and neighbourhoods – Limits - Standard Limits – Continuity.

b) Differentiation: Derivative of a function - Elementary Properties - Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric,

Hyperbolic, Inverse Hyperbolic Function – Derivatives - Methods of Differentiation - Second Order

Derivatives.

c) Applications of Derivatives: Errors and approximations - Geometrical Interpretation of a derivative -

Equations of tangents and normals - Lengths of tangent, normal, sub tangent and sub normal - Angles

between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves - Derivative as Rate of change - Rolle’s

Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean value theorem without proofs and their geometrical interpretation - Increasing

and decreasing functions - Maxima and Minima.

d) Integration : Integration as the inverse process of differentiation- Standard forms -properties of integrals -

Method of substitution- integration of Algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse

trigonometric functions - Integration by parts – Integration by Partial fractions method – Reduction formulae.

e) Definite Integrals: Definite Integral as the limit of sum - Interpretation of Definite Integral as an area -

Fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus (without proof) – Properties - Reduction formulae - Application of

Definite integral to areas.

ii) Differential equations: Formation of differential equation-Degree and order of an ordinary differential equation -

Solving differential equation by i) Variables separable method, ii) Homogeneous differential equation, iii) Non -

Homogeneous differential equation, iv) Linear differential equations.

PHYSICAL WORLD

Scope and excitement of Physics, Physics, technology and society, Fundamental forces in nature, Gravitational Force, Electromagnetic Force, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force, Towards Unification of Forces, Nature of physical laws.

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Introduction, The international system of units, Measurement of Length, Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a Molecule, Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Measurement of time, Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic errors, random errors, least count error, Absolute Error, Relative Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors, Significant figures, Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic Calculations, Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the Dimensional Consistency of Equations, Deducing Relation among the Physical Quantities.

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity. 

MOTION IN A PLANE

Introduction, Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition - analytical method, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion.

LAWS OF MOTION

Introduction, Aristotle’s fallacy, The law of inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, Newton’s second law of motion, momentum, Impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, Conservation of momentum, Equilibrium of a particle, Common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics.

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Introduction, The Scalar Product, Notions of work and kinetic energy, The work-energy theorem, Work, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable force, The work-energy theorem for a variable force, The concept of Potential Energy, The conservation of Mechanical Energy, The Potential Energy of a spring, Various forms of energy, Heat, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, Nuclear Energy, The Principle of Conservation of Energy, Power, Collisions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in one dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination, Collisions in Two Dimensions.

SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

Introduction, Rigid body motion, Centre of mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of centre of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles, Vector product of two vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Moment of force (Torque), Angular momentum of particle, Torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, Rolling motion, Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion.

OSCILLATIONS

Introduction, Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency, Displacement, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, Some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, Damped simple harmonic motion, Forced oscillations and resonance. 

GRAVITATION

Introduction, Kepler’s laws, Universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth, Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Orbital Speed, Earth satellites, Energy of an orbiting satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Weightlessness.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Introduction, Elastic behaviour of solids, Stress and strain, Hooke’s law, Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus, Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched wire, Applications of elastic behaviour of materials.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Introduction, Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure with Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’ Principle, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux, Torricelli’s Law, Venturi- meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy, Angle of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension.

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Introduction, Temperature and heat, Measurement of temperature, Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat, Heat transfer, Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Black body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification.

THERMODYNAMICS

Introduction, Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat capacity of water, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State, Thermodynamic processes, Quasi-static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic process, Heat engines, Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem.

KINETIC THEORY

Introduction, Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases, Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Law of equipartition of energy, Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Polyatomic Gases, Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean free path. 

WAVES

Introduction, Transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave, speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats, Doppler effect: source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving.

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Introduction, Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope.

WAVE OPTICS

Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young‘s experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering, polarisation by reflection.

ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

Introduction, Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law, applications of Gauss’s law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

Introduction, Electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding, dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Introduction, Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors, Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors – series and parallel. Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer.

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

Introduction, Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, velocity selector, Cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT), torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil Galvanometer; conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Introduction, The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism, magnetic declination and dip, magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Introduction, The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance, self inductance, AC generator.

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit, Phasor – diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Introduction, Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays.

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Introduction, Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current, effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric equation, Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer experiment.

ATOMS

Introduction, Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck – Hertz experiment, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, de Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization, LASER light.

NUCLEI

Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, Mass - Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity, Law of radioactive decay, Alpha decay, Beta decay, Gamma decay, Nuclear Energy, Fission, Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion.

SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

Introduction, Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, Application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator, Optoelectronic junction devices, Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor, structure and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE – Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Digital Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated circuits.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Introduction, Elements of a Communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave, modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Sub- atomic particles; Atomic models –Rutherford’s Nuclear model of atom; Developments to the

Bohr’s model of atom; Nature of electromagnetic radiation; Particle nature of electromagnetic

radiation- Planck’s quantum theory; Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum

of hydrogen; Limitations of Bohr’s model; Quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic

particles; Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Quantum mechanical model

of an atom. Important features of Quantum mechanical model of atom; Orbitals and quantum

numbers; Shapes of atomic orbitals; Energies of orbitals; Filling of orbitals in atoms. Aufbau

Principle, Pauli’s exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity; Electronic

configurations of atoms; Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Need to classify elements; Genesis of periodic classification; Modern periodic law and present form

of the periodic table; Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; Electronic

configuration of elements and the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elements

s,p,d.and f blocks; Trends in physical properties:

(a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic radius (c) Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) Ionization

enthalpy,(e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity; Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a)

Valence or Oxidation states, (b) Anomalous properties of second period elements - diagonal

relationship; Periodic trends and chemical reactivity.

CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bonding, Octet rule, Representation of simple molecules,

formal charges, limitations of octet rule; Ionic or electrovalent bond - Factors favourable for the

formation of ionic compounds- Crystal structure of sodium chloride, General properties of ionic

compounds; Bond Parameters - bond length, bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance-

Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

theory; Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; Valence bond theory-Orbital overlap concept-

Directional properties of bonds-overlapping of atomic orbitals-types of overlapping and nature of

covalent bonds-strength of sigma and pi bonds-Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds;

Hybridisation- different types of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals- shapes of simple

covalent molecules; Coordinate bond - definition with examples; Molecular orbital theory -

Formation of molecular orbitals, Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)-conditions for

combination of atomic orbitals - Energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals -Bonding in some

homo nuclear diatomic molecules- H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2 and O2; Hydrogen bonding-cause of

formation of hydrogen bond - Types of hydrogen bonds-inter and intra molecular-General properties

of hydrogen bonds.

STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS

Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy; Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions; The

Gaseous State; The Gas Laws; Ideal gas equation; Graham’s law of diffusion - Dalton’s Law of

partial pressures; Kinetic molecular theory of gases; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No

derivation) deduction of gas laws from Kinetic gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds - rms,

average and most probable speeds-Kinetic energy of gas molecules; Behaviour of real gases -

Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour - Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real gases;

Liquefaction of gases; Liquid State - Properties of Liquids in terms of Inter molecular interactions -

Vapour pressure, Viscosity and Surface tension (Qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation).

STOICHIOMETRY

Some Basic Concepts - Properties of matter - uncertainty in Measurement-significant figures,

dimensional analysis; Laws of Chemical Combinations - Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of

Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes,

Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Examples; Atomic and molecular masses- mole concept

and molar mass. Concept of equivalent weight; Percentage composition of compounds and

calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; Stoichiometry and stoichiometric

calculations-limiting reagent; Methods of Expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole

fraction, molarity, molality and normality; Redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions,

oxidation and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer; Oxidation number

concept; Types of Redox reactions- combination, decomposition, displacement and

disproportionation reactions; Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number method Half reaction

(ion-electron) method; Redox reactions in Titrimetry.

THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamic Terms; The system and the surroundings; Types of systems and surroundings; The

state of the system; The Internal Energy as a State Function. (a) Work (b) Heat (c) The general case,

the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications; Work; Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function;

Extensive and intensive properties; Heat capacity; The relationship between Cp and Cv;

Measurement of U and H: Calorimetry; Enthalpy change, rH of reactions - reaction Enthalpy (a)

Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) Enthalpy changes during transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy

of formation, (d) Thermo chemical equations (e) Hess’s law of constant Heat summation; Enthalpies

for different types of reactions. (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH), (b) Enthalpy of

atomization (ΔaH), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) Bond Enthalpy (ΔbondH ), (d)

Enthalpy of solution (ΔsolH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; Spontaneity. (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a

criterion for spontaneity? (b) Entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs

Energy and spontaneity; Gibbs Energy change and equilibrium; Absolute entropy and the third law

of thermodynamics.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES

Equilibrium in Physical process; Equilibrium in chemical process - Dynamic Equilibrium; Law of

chemical Equilibrium - Law of mass action and Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria,

Equilibrium constant in gaseous systems. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous

Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Relationship between Equilibrium constant K,

reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Factors affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle

application to industrial synthesis of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions;

Acids, bases and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases;

Ionisation of Acids and Bases - Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product- pH scaleionisation

constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak bases-relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly

basic acids and di and poly acidic Bases-Factors affecting acid strength- Common ion effect in the

ionization of acids and bases-Hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; Buffer solutionsdesigning

of buffer solution-Preparation of Acidic buffer; Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble

salts. Solubility product constant Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts.

HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; Dihydrogen-Occurence and Isotopes; Preparation of

Dihydrogen; Properties of Dihydrogen; Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stiochiometric hydrides;

Water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice. Chemical properties of water; hard and soft

water, Temporary and permanent hardness of water; Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; Physical

properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; Heavy Water; Hydrogen as a fuel.

THE s - BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

Group 1 Elements : Alkali metals; Electronic configurations; Atomic and Ionic radii; Ionization

enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties; Chemical properties; Uses; General

characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo Acids;

Anomalous properties of Lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, Diagonal

relationship; similarities between Lithium and Magnesium; Some important compounds of Sodium:

Sodium Carbonate; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium hydrogen carbonate; Biological

importance of Sodium and Potassium.

Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements; Electronic configuration; Ionization enthalpy;

Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties, Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics of

compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids

(Carbonates; Sulphates and Nitrates); Anomalous behavior of Beryllium; its diagonal relationship

with Aluminium; Some important compounds of calcium: Preparation and uses of Calcium Oxide;

Calcium Hydroxide; Calcium Carbonate; Plaster of Paris; Cement; Biological importance of

Calcium and Magnesium.

p- BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)

General introduction - Electronic configuration, Atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro

negativity; Physical & Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of boron;

Some important compounds of boron - Borax, Ortho boric acid,diborane; Uses of boron, aluminium

and their compounds.

p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)

General introduction - Electronic configuration, Atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro

negativity; Physical & Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon;

Allotropes of carbon; Uses of carbon; Some important compounds of carbon and silicon -

carbonmonoxide, carbon dioxide, Silica, silicones, silicates and zeolites.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Definition of terms: Air, Water and Soil Pollutions; Environmental Pollution; Atmospheric

pollution; Tropospheric Pollution; Gaseous Air Pollutants (Oxides of Sulphur; Oxides of Nitrogen;

Hydrocarbons; Oxides of Carbon (CO, CO2). Global warming and Green house effect; Acid Rain-

Particulate Pollutants- Smog; Stratospheric Pollution: Formation and breakdown of Ozone- Ozone

hole- effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; Water Pollution: Causes of Water Pollution;

International standards for drinking water; Soil Pollution: Pesticides, Industrial Wastes; Strategies to

control environmental pollution- waste Management- collection and disposal; Green Chemistry:

Green chemistry in day-to-day life; Dry cleaning of clothes; Bleaching of paper; Synthesis of

chemicals.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND

HYDROCARBONS

General introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds; Structural

representations of organic compounds; Classification of organic compounds; Nomenclature of

organic compounds; Isomerism; Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; Fission of

covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Electron movements in organic reactions; Electron

displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect, electromeric

effect, hyper conjugation; Types of Organic reactions; Methods of purification of organic

compounds; Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; Quantitative elemental analysis

of organic compounds.

HYDROCARBONS

Classification of Hydrocarbons; Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations

of ethane only); Preparation of alkanes; Properties - Physical properties and chemical Reactivity,

Substitution reactions - Halogenation(free radical mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation,

Isomerisation, Aromatization, reaction with steam and Pyrolysis; Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure

of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical); Methods of preparation; Properties- Physical and

chemical reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, Hydrogen halides

(Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s, antiMarkovnikov’s or Kharasch effect).

Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization; Alkynes - Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of

acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic

character of acetylene, addition reactions- of hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen halides and water.

Polymerization; Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of benzene,

Resonance and aromaticity; Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties:

Mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Electrophilic substitution reactions- Nitration,

Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation; Directive influence of

functional groups in mono substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

SOLID STATE

General characteristics of solid state; Amorphous and crystalline solids; Classification of

crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids);

Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography; Crystal lattices and unit cells. Bravais

lattices primitive and centred unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred

and face centred cubic unit cell); Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two

dimensions and in three dimensions- tetrahedral and octahedral voids- formula of a compound and

number of voids filled- locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; Packing efficiency in simple

cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice; Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit

cell; Imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects;

Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and insulators- band theory

of metals; Magnetic properties.

SOLUTIONS

Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions - mass percentage, volume percentage,

mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality; Solubility:

Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of

liquid solutions: vapour pressure of liquid- liquid solutions. Raoult’s law as a special case of

Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; Ideal and non-ideal solutions;

Colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressureelevation

of boiling point-depression of freezing point-osmosis and osmotic pressure-reverse

osmosis and water purification; Abnormal molar masses-van’t Hoff factor.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS

ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells: measurement of electrode

potentials; Nernst equation- equilibrium constant from Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and

Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; Conductance of electrolytic solutions- measurement of the

conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentrationstrong

electrolytes and weak electrolytes-applications of Kohlrausch’s law; Electrolytic cells and

electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of electrolysis; Batteries: primary batteries

and secondary batteries; Fuel cells; Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy.

CHEMICAL KINETICS: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction:

dependance of rate on concentration- rate expression and rate constant- order of a reaction,

molecularity of a reaction; Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions-first order reactions- half

life of a reaction; Pseudo first order reaction; Temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction -

effect of catalyst;Collision theory of chemical reaction rates.

SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Adsorption : Distinction between adsorption and absorption-mechanism of adsorption-types of

adsorption- characteristics of physisorption-characteristics of chemisorptions-adsorption isothermsadsorption

from solution phase-applications of adsorption; Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and

poisons-auto catalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis-adsorption theory of

heterogeneous catalysis-important features of solid catalysts: (a)activity (b)selectivity-shapeselective

catalysis by zeolites-enzyme catalysis-characteristics and mechanism- catalysts in industry;

Colloids; Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and

dispersion medium- classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and

dispersion medium- classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase- multi molecular,

macromolecular and associated colloids- cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloidspurification

of colloidal solutions-properties of colloidal solutions: Colligative properties, Tyndal

effect, colour, Brownian movement-charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulationprecipitation

methods-coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids- Emulsions; Colloids

around us- application of colloids.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY

Occurrence of metals; Concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation,

leaching; Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide

to the metal; Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy – Ellingham diagram-limitationsapplications-

extraction of iron, copper and zinc from their oxides; Electrochemical principles of

metallurgy; Oxidation and reduction; Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling,

electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and

iron.

p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

GROUP-15 ELEMENTS : Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation

enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and

uses; Compounds of nitrogen-preparation, properties and uses of ammonia; Oxides of nitrogen;

Preparation and properties of nitric acid; Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine-preparation,

properties and uses; Phosphorous halides; Oxoacids of phosphorous

GROUP-16 ELEMENTS: Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation

enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties;

Dioxygen- preparation, properties and uses; Simple oxides; Ozone-preparation, properties, structure

and uses; Sulphur-allotropic forms; Sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of

sulphur; Sulphuric acid- manufacture, properties and uses.

GROUP-17 ELEMENTS: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation

enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; Chlorinepreparation,

properties and uses; Hydrogen chloride- preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of

halogens; Interhalogen compounds- preparation, properties and uses.

GROUP-18 ELEMENTS : Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii,

electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds- XeF2,XeF4 and

XeF6 -preparation, hydrolysis and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 (b)

Xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4 - their formation and structures-uses of noble gases.

d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS : Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of the dblock

elements; General properties of the transition elements (d-block) -physical properties,

variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series, ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends

in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation

states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions,

formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy

formation; Some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metalspreparation,

properties and uses of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of

chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; Inner transition elements(f-block)-

lanthanoids- electronic configuration-atomic and ionic sizes-oxidation states- general characteristics;

Actinoids-electronic configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics

and comparison with lanthanoids; Some applications of d and f block elements.

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: Werner’s theory of coordination compounds; Definitions of

some terms used in coordination compounds; Nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC

nomenclature; Isomerism in coordination compounds- (a)Stereo isomerism-Geometrical and optical

isomerism (b)Structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism;

Bonding in coordination compounds. (a)Valence bond theory - magnetic properties of coordination

compounds-limitations of valence bond theory (b) Crystal field theory (i) Crystal field splitting in

octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities (ii) Colour in coordination compounds- limitations

of crystal field theory; Bonding in metal carbonyls; Stability of coordination compounds;

Importance and applications of coordination compounds.

POLYMERS

Classification of Polymers -Classification based on source, structure, mode of

polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; Types of polymerization reactionsaddition

polymerization or chain growth polymerization-ionic polymerization, free radical

mechanism-preparation of addition polymers-polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile-condensation

polymerization or step growth polymerization-polyamides-preparation of Nylon 6,6 and nylon 6-

poly esters-terylene-bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization- Rubber- natural

rubber-vulcanisation of rubber-Synthetic rubbers-preparation of neoprene and buna-N; Molecular

mass of polymers-number average and weight average molecular masses- poly dispersity

index(PDI); Biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-nylon 6; Polymers of commercial importancepolypropene,

polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin, glyptal and bakelite -

their monomers, structures and uses.

BIOMOLECULES

Carbohydrates - Classification of carbohydrates- Monosaccharides: preparation of glucose from

sucrose and starch- Properties and structure of glucose- D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations

of glucose-Structure of fructose; Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure; Invert sugar-

Structures of maltose and lactose- Polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen-

Importance of carbohydrates; Proteins- Aminoacids: Natural aminoacids-classification of

aminoacids - structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions; Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous

and globular- primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins- Denaturation of

proteins; Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action; Vitamins: Explanation-namesclassification

of vitamins - sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins;

Nucleic acids: chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger

printing biological functions of nucleic acids; Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones,

their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities.

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmocological effect (b)

Classification of drugs on the basis of drug action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of

chemical structure (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; Drug-Target

interaction-Enzymes as drug targets (a) Catalytic action of enzymes (b) Drug-enzyme interaction,

receptors as drug targets; Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines,

neurologically active drugs: tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics,

antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants- antifertility drugs; Chemicals in foodartificial

sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; Cleansing agents-soaps and

synthetic detergents – types and examples.

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

Classification and nomenclature; Nature of C-X bond; Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and

aryl halides- from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic

substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group(Sandmeyer reaction) (d) by the addition of

hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; Physical propertiesmelting

and boiling points, density and solubility; Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes

(i)Nucleophilic substitution reactions (a) SN² mechanism (b) SN¹ mechanism (c) stereochemical

aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity (ii) Elimination reactions

(iii) Reaction with metals-Reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii)Electrophilic

substitution and (iii) Reaction with metals; Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects

of dichloro methane, trichloromethane triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (Alcohols, Phenols,

Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids)

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Alcohols, phenols and ethers -classification; Nomenclature: (a)Alcohols, (b)phenols and (c) ethers;

Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups; Methods of preparation: Alcohols from alkenes

and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; Phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic

acid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical propertics of alcohols and phenols; Chemical reactions of

alcohols and phenols (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond in alcohols-Acidity of alcohols

and phenols, esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C- O bond- reactions with HX, PX3,

dehydration and oxidation (iii) Reactions of phenols- electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe’s

reaction, Reimer - Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; Commercially important

alcohols (methanol,ethanol); Ethers-Methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols,

Williamson synthesis- Physical properties-Chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and

electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole).

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; Preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by

oxidation of alcohols (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols (3) from hydrocarbons -Preparation of

aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles and esters(3) from hydrocarbons-Preparation of

ketones(1) from acyl chlorides (2)from nitriles (3)from benzene or substituted benzenes; Physical

properties of aldehydes and ketones; Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic

addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due to α-

Hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction,electrophilic substitution reaction); Uses

of aldehydes and ketones.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Nomenclature and structure of carboxylgroup; Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1)from

primary alcohols and aldehydes (2) from alkylbenzenes(3)from nitriles and amides (4)from

Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides (6) from esters; Physical properties;

Chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals

and alkalies (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond- formation of anhydride, reactions with

PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii) Reactions involving-COOH groupreduction,

decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part - halogenation and

ring substitution; Uses of carboxylicacids.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

AMINES

Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature; Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro

compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides, Gabriel

phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; Physical properties;

Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction

with nitrous acid, reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines

(aniline)-bromination, nitration and sulphonation.

DIAZONIUM SALTS

Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) Physical properties; Chemical reactions:

Reactions involving displacement of Nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by

i) iodiode and fluoride ions ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and Nitro groups; reactions involving retention of

diazo group; coupling reactions; Importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds.

CYANIDES AND ISOCYANIDES

Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; Preparation, physical properties and chemical

reactions of cyanides and isocyanides.