UNIT-1: UNITS AND MEASUREMENT, MECHANICS

Units for measurement, system of units-S.I., fundamental and derived units, measurements - errors in measurement - significant figures, dimensions - dimensional analysis - applications.

 Laws of Motion: Newton’s laws of motion - force and inertia - impulse and momentum - law of conservation of linear momentum - applications - projectile motion uniform circular motion -friction - laws of friction - applications - centripetal force. 

Work, Energy and Power: Work - energy - potential energy and kinetic energy – power - collision-elastic and inelastic collisions. 

UNIT-2: GRAVITATION, MECHANICS OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS 

Gravitation: The universal law of gravitation, acceleration due to gravity - variation of ‘g’ with altitude, latitude and depth - gravitation potential - escape velocity and orbital velocity - geostationary satellites - Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. 

Mechanics of solids and fluids: Solids - elastic behaviour, stress-strain - Hooke’s law - Modulli of elasticity - relation between them - surface tension capillarity - applications – viscosity - Poiseuille’s formula - Stokes law applications - streamline and turbulent flow - Reynolds number - Bernoulli’s theorem - applications. 

UNIT-3: ELECTROSTATICS 

Electric charge - Conservation laws - Coulomb’s law-principle of superposition - continuous charge distribution - electric field - electric field lines - electric dipole -electric field due to a dipole - torque on a dipole in uniform electric field - Electric flux - Gauss’s theorem - field due to infinitely long straight wire - uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. 

Electric potential - potential difference - equipotential surfaces - electrical potential energy - Dielectrics and electric polarization - capacitors and capacitance - combination of capacitors in series and in parallel - capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium - energy stored in a capacitor

UNIT-4: CURRENT ELECTRICITY 

Electric current - drift velocity - mobility - Ohm’s law -V-I characteristics - electrical energy and power - electrical resistivity and conductivity - Carbon resistors - series and parallel combinations of resistors - temperature dependence - Internal resistance of a cell - potential difference and emf of a cell - combination of cells in series and in parallel - Kirchhoff’s laws – applications - Wheatstone bridge - Metre bridge - Potentiometer - comparison of EMF of two cells - measurement of internal resistance of a cell. 

UNIT-5: MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 

Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements -magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole - torque on a magnetic dipole - tangent law, tangent galvanometer deflection magnetometer - magnetic properties of a material – dia, para and ferromagnetic materials - applications. Magnetic effects of electric current – Biot Savart’s law - force on a moving charge in an uniform magnetic field - moving coil galvanometer - conversion of a galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter. 

UNIT-6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION,ALTERNATING CURRENTS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 

Electromagnetic induction - Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current - Lenz’s Law - Eddy currents - Self and mutual induction - Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage - reactance and impedance - LC oscillations - LCR series circuit - resonance - power in AC circuits - power factor - wattless current - AC generator and transformer - Electromagnetic waves – characteristics - Electromagnetic spectrum . 

UNIT-7: OPTICS

Reflection of light - spherical mirrors - mirror formula - refraction of light -total internal reflection- optical fibers - refraction at spherical surfaces – lenses - thin lens formula - lensmaker’s formula – magnification - power of a lens - combination of thin lenses in contact - refraction of light through a prism - Scattering of light -Microscopes and astronomical telescopes . 

Wave front and Huygen’s principle - reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface- laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle – Interference - Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width - diffraction due to a single slit -width of central maximum – polarization - plane polarised light - Brewster’s law.

UNIT-8: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER & ATOMIC PHYSICS 

Dual nature of radiation - Photoelectric effect - Hertz and Lenard’s observations - Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particles - de-Broglie relation – Davisson Germer experiment - Alpha-particle scattering experiment - Rutherford’s model of atom - Bohr model - hydrogen spectrum. 

UNIT-9: NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Nuclear radius, mass, binding energy, density, isotopes, mass defect- Bainbridge mass spectrometer-nuclear forces neutron discovery – radioactivity-α, β and γ decay-half life - mean life-artificial radio activity-radio isotopes-radio carbon dating-radiation hazards. Nuclear fission nuclear reactor-nuclear fusion-hydrogen bomb - cosmic rays-elementary particles. 

UNIT-10: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Semiconductors-doping-types-PN junction diode – biasing-diode as a Rectifier – Special purpose PN junction diodes – LED – photodiode - solar cell and zener diode - characteristics - zener diode as a voltage regulator- transistors-transistor characteristics – amplifier – gain-feedback in amplifiers-logic gates basic logic gates-NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND-universal gates-De Morgan’s theorems.

UNIT-1: SOLUTIONS 

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor. 

UNIT-2: ELECTROCHEMISTRY 

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.

UNIT-3: CHEMICAL KINETICS 

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation. 

UNIT-4: SURFACE CHEMISTRY 

Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions. 

UNIT-5: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and refining; 

UNIT-6: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS 

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only). 

Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only). 

Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. 

UNIT-7: ‘D’ AND ‘F’ BLOCK ELEMENTS 

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. 

UNIT-8: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 

Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system). 

UNIT-9: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT-10: ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS AND ETHERS 

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. 

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. 

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT-11: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. 

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses. 

UNIT-12: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN 

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides 

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. 

UNIT-13: BIOMOLECULES 

Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates. Proteins - Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Vitamins - Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA. 

UNIT-14: POLYMERS

Copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, and rubber. Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers. 

UNIT-15: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 

Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents soaps and detergents, cleansing action

UNIT-1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 

Sets and their representations, union, intersection and complements of sets and their algebraic properties, relations, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings. 

UNIT-2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 

Complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane. Argand diagram. Algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument of a complex number, square root of a complex number. Cube roots of unity, triangle inequality. Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; symmetric functions of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations. 

UNIT-3: MATRICES, DETERMINANTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 

Determinants and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants Addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrix. Computing the rank of a matrix– test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices.

UNIT-4: COMBINATIONS

Permutations and Combinations: Fundamental principle of counting: permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, meaning of P(n,r) and C(n,r). Simple applications, 

Mathematical Induction and its Applications: Stating and interpreting the principle of mathematical induction. Using it to prove formula and facts. 

UNIT-5: ALGEBRA 

Binomial theorem and its Applications: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; Binomial theorem for any index. Properties of binomial coefficients. Simple applications for approximations. 

Sequences and Series : Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions. Insertion of arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M. arithmetic, geometric series, exponential and logarithmic series. 

UNIT-6: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 

Polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity, differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions, derivatives of order up to two.

Applications of Applications of Differential Calculus: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic–increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s mean value theorems. Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables. Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations and those of the type dy/dx + p(x)y=q(x) 

UNIT-7: INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 

Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Integral as limit of a sum. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals; Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves.

UNIT-8: ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 

Straight Lines in Two Dimensions : Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in plane, distance formula, area of a triangle, condition for the collinearity of three points and section formula, centroid and incentre of a triangle, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes. 

Circles in Two Dimensions: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to the circle. Conic Sections in Two Dimensions: Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard form, condition for y = mx+c to be a tangent and point(s) of tangency. 

UNIT-9: VECTOR ALGEBRA 

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product. Application of vectors to plane geometry. 

UNIT-10: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their applications; Conditional probability; Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variable; binomial and Poisson distributions and their properties. 

UNIT-11: TRIGONOMETRY 

Trigonometry ratios, compound angles, trigonometrical equations, solution of triangles, Trigonometrically identities and equations-Inverse trigonometric functions and their properties. Properties of triangles, including, incentre, circumcentre and orthocenter, solution of triangles.

UNIT-1: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD 

Biodiversity, Importance of classifications, Taxonomy & Systematics, Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy, Binomial nomenclature, Tools for study of Taxonomy. 

Five kingdom classification: Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Salient features of them. 

Classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm - salient and distinguishing features. Angiosperms - classification up to class, characteristic features and examples. 

Classification of animals- non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to class’s level - salient and distinguishing features. 

UNIT-2: STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS 

Plant tissues: Morphology and modifications, Tissues, Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. 

Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, Respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) 

UNIT-3: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 

Cell theory, Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, Plant cell and animal cell. Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall. Cell organelles - structure and function: Endomembrane system- endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies: Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles. Nucleus – nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. 

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules – structure and function of proteins including Enzymes– types, properties, enzyme action, carbodydrates, lipid and nucleic acids. 

Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance. 

UNIT-4: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients, Cell to cell transport – Diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations– Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration– Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients– Transport of food, phloem transport. 

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role, Deficiency symptoms, Mineral toxicity, Elementary idea of Hydroponics, Nitrogen metabolism 

Photosynthesis: Significance - site of photosynthesis - Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis, Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis. 

Respiration: Cellular respiration – glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), Kreb’s cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations – Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient. 

Plant growth and development: Seed germination, Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate, Conditions of growth, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell, Growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. Seed dormancy, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation. 

UNIT-5: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones, Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders– PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea. 

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals, Respiratory system in humans, Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans– Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes, Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders. 

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood, Composition of lymph and its function, Human circulatory system – Structure of human heart and blood vessels, Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation, Regulation of cardiac activity, Disorders of circulatory - Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure. 

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion – Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, Human excretory system–structure and fuction, Urine formation, Osmoregulation, Regulation of kidney function– Renin - angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus, Role of other organs in excretion, Disorders - Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis, Dialysis

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular, skeletal muscle – contractile proteins and muscle contraction, Skeletal system and its functions, Joints, Disorders of muscular and skeletal system - Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves, Nervous system in humans– central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system, Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, Reflex action, Sensory perception, Sense organs, Elementary structure and function of eye and ear. 

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones, Human endocrine system -Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads. Mechanism of hormone action, Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders: Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease. 

UNIT-6: REPRODUCTION 

Reproduction in Organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species, modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction - binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants. 

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination - types, agencies and examples, out breeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit, special modes apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. 

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation, pregnancy and placenta formation, parturition, lactation. 

Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), amniocentesis, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT. 

UNIT-7: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Heredity and variation, Mendelian inheritance, deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co - dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosomes and genes, Sex determination in humans, birds and honey bee, linkage and crossing over, sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness, Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia, chromosomal disorders in humans, Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. 

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA as genetic material, Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging and replication, Central dogma, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression and regulation - lac operon, genome and human and rice genome projects, DNA fingerprinting. 

Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences), Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution, mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. 

UNIT-8: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE 

Human Health and Diseases: Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control, Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines, cancer, HIV and AIDS, Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse. 

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: Improvement in food production, Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry. 

Microbes in Human Welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics - production and judicious use. 

UNIT-9: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS 

Biotechnology: Principles and processes: Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). Biotechnology and its Application: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals, biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents. 

UNIT-10: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 

Organisms and Populations: Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations, population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. 

Ecosystem: Patterns, components, productivity and decomposition, energy flow, pyramids of number, biomass, energy, nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous), ecological succession, ecological services - carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release. 

Biodiversity and its Conservation: Biodiversity - Concept, patterns, importance, loss of biodiversity, biodiversity conservation, hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. 

This part contains reading Comprehension questions. Short passages, lines from poems or dialogues will be given as comprehension passage with a set of 5 questions. Each question will have four options to pick the correct one.

1. NUMBER SYSTEM

Properties of numbers, Divisibility rules, Unit digit, Euclid’s algorithm, LCM and GCD 

2. STATISTICS 

Arithmetic mean, weighted mean, Geometric mean 

3. PERCENTAGE 

Percentage change-increase or decrease 

4. PROFIT AND LOSS 

Computing percentage of profit or loss and profit/ loss value 

5. QUADRATIC EQUATION 

Nature of roots, Relationship between roots and coefficients, Solutions of quadratic equations 

6. GEOMETRY 

Similar triangles, Lines and angles, Circles and Quadrilaterals 

7. ARRANGEMENT 

Ordering, Grading and Ranking, coding and decoding 

8. DIRECTION SENSE TEST 

Inding direction, distance or both 

9. LINEAR EQUATION 

Solving simultaneous equations, Test of consistency, problems on ages 

10. TRIGONOMETRY 

Values of trigonometric ratios, Identities, Heights and distances